Afaqi Khoja revolts

Khoja revolts
Qing victory over the Afaqis in Kashgar
Date 1826–1857 Location Kashgar, Xinjiang Result Qing victory
Belligerents
Qing Dynasty, Qara Taghlik Khojas (Ishaqi Khojas) Hunza (princely state)	Aq Taghlik Khojas (Afaqi Khojas) Supported by: Kokand Khanate
Commanders and leaders
Daoguang Emperor Chang Ling Zhang Mingtang Eldemboo Mir Ghazanfur Khan of Hunza	Khoja Zia-ud-din Akhund Jahangir Khoja  Yusuf Khoja Ehsan Khan Khoja Khoja Buzurg Khan Khoja Wali Khan Khoja Kichik Khan Khoja Tawakkul Khan Supported by: Muhammad Ali Khan
Strength
Eight Banners, Manchu bannerman Green Standard Army Han Chinese and Chinese Hui Sunni Muslim militia Qara taghlik Ishaqiyya Turkic Sunni Muslim followers Nizari Ismaili Shia Muslim Burusho of Hunza	Aq taghlik Afaqiyya Turkic Sunni Muslim followers Dolan people

During the early and mid-19th century in China, the Afaqi Khojas in the Khanate of Kokand (descended from Khoja Burhanuddin and ultimately from Afaq Khoja) unsuccessfully tried to invade Kashgar and regain Altishahr from the Qing dynasty.

Hui merchants fought for the Qing dynasty in 1826 against Turkic Muslim rebels led by the Jahangir Khoja. The Muslim Khojas and Khanate of Kokand were resisted by the Qing army and Dungan merchants. Among those who died in battle in 1826 against Jahangir Khoja's forces was Zhang Mingtang, who led the merchant militia of Kashgar.

During the 1826 invasion, Jahangir Khoja's forces took six Hui Muslims as slaves (Nian Dengxi, Liu Qifeng, Wu Erqi, Ma Tianxi, Tian Guan and Li Shengzhao) and sold them in Central Asia. They escaped and returned to China via Russia.

When the Khojas attacked in 1826 and 1830, the Yarkand, Kashgar, Dungan and merchant militia fought them off. The Dungan were also part of the Qing Green Standard Army.

Ishaqi (Black Mountain) Khoja followers helped the Qing oppose Jahangir Khoja's Afaqi (White Mountain) Khoja faction. The Black Mountain Khojas (Qarataghliks) supported the Qing against the White Mountain (Aqtaghlik) Khoja invasions. The Qing–Black Mountain Khoja alliance helped bring down Jahangir Khoja's White Mountain rule.

Chinese rule in Xinjiang was supported by the Black Mountain Turkic Muslims, called Khitai-parast (China worshipers, or followers of China), who were based in Artush. The White Mountain Aqtaghlik Khojas, opposed to China, were called sayyid parast (sayyid worshipers or followers, based in Kucha) and guided by Turkic nationalism. The Qarataghliks did not say bismillah before eating melons; the Aqtaghliks did, and there was no intermarriage between the factions.

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Wikipedia