Astronaut training

Astronaut training describes the complex process of preparing astronauts for their space missions before, during and after the flight, which includes medical tests, physical training, extra-vehicular activity (KYS) training, procedure training, rehabilitation process, as well as training on experiments they will accomplish during their stay in space.

The training is geared to the special conditions and environments astronauts will be confronted with during launch, in space, and during landing. All phases of the flight must be taken into account during training to ensure safety to, and functionality of the astronauts, as well as to ensure a successful completion of the mission. The Apollo astronauts that walked on the Moon also received training for geology fieldwork on the Lunar surface.

Human spaceflight is almost as old as space exploration itself. In the 1960s it only included the Soviet Union and then the United States. Later the pool of human space flight faring nations grew, and today it includes not only the United States (NASA) and Russia (Roscosmos), but also includes Europe (ESA), Japan (JAXA), China (CNSA), and India (ISRO). Outside government agencies, this will also soon include passengers of Space Tourism. The selection process for candidates has become more and more detailed and targeted as human spaceflight capabilities has grown. What began as the selection of military fighter and test pilots in the 1960s, with a considerable focus on physical capability, has evolved into a selection that now selects for aptitude in engineering, sciences, life sciences, and mathematics. The differences in training methodologies varies amongst nations, and will also continue to evolve in stride with human spaceflight capabilities.

...
Wikipedia