Campaigns of the Philippine–American War
| Philippine–American War | |||||||||
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 Filipino soldiers outside Manila 1899 |
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 First Philippine Republic Philippine Revolutionary Army Pulajanes Sultanate of Sulu Moro Republic of ZamboangaRepublic of Negros |
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
 William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt Elwell Otis Arthur MacArthur John Pershing Jacob Smith
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Emilio Aguinaldo Antonio Luna Artemio Ricarte Miguel Malvar Manuel Tinio Arcadio Maxilom Macario Sakay Dionisio Seguela Sultan of Sulu
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| Strength | |||||||||
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≈126,000 total |
100,000–1,200,000 | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
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≈12,000–20,000 killed | ||||||||
| Filipino civilian dead: ≈200,000 to 1,500,000 | |||||||||
≈126,000 total
4,165 killed (about 75% from disease), ≈3,000 wounded;
During the Philippine–American War between 1899 and 1902, the United States Army conducted nine military campaigns. Two additional campaigns were conducted after the official end to the war on July 4, 1902 in connection with the Moro rebellion, which continued until 1913. Some other significant actions occurred outside of organized campaigns, both during the war itself and in the post-war period.
The first battle of the Philippine–American War is the Battle of Manila in February, 1899, a few months after the December 1898 Treaty of Paris, which ended the Spanish–American War and in which Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. (The cession of the Philippines involved a payment of $20 million from the United States to the Spanish Empire.) The Philippine–American War continued into 1902.
The Manila Campaign was conducted between, February 4 and March 17, 1899. During the Spanish–American War, Emilio Aguinaldo (who had led an unsuccessful insurrection against Spain in 1896–97) organized a native army in the Philippines and secured control of several islands, including much of Luzon. Cession of the Philippines to the United States on December 10, 1898 via the Treaty of Paris disappointed many Filipinos, and on February 4, 1899 Aguinaldo's followers clashed with American troops. The Americans, numbering about 12,000 combat troops under Major General Elwell Otis, defeated Aguinaldo's force of some 40,000 men and suppressed an attempted uprising in Manila.
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