Chloroform
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| Names | |||
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Preferred IUPAC name
Trichloromethane
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| Other names
Chloroform
Methane trichloride Methyl trichloride Methenyl trichloride TCM Freon 20 Refrigerant-20 R-20 UN 1888 |
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| Identifiers | |||
67-66-3 
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| 3D model (Jmol) | Interactive image | ||
| ChEBI |
CHEBI:35255
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| ChEMBL |
ChEMBL44618
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| ChemSpider |
5977
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.603 | ||
| EC Number | 200-663-8 | ||
| KEGG |
C13827
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| PubChem | 6212 | ||
| RTECS number | FS9100000 | ||
| UNII |
7V31YC746X
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| Properties | |||
| CHCl3 | |||
| Molar mass | 119.37 g·mol−1 | ||
| Appearance | Colorless liquid | ||
| Odor | Heavy, ethereal odor | ||
| Density | 1.564 g/cm3 (−20 °C) 1.489 g/cm3 (25 °C) 1.394 g/cm3 (60 °C) |
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| Melting point | −63.5 °C (−82.3 °F; 209.7 K) | ||
| Boiling point | 61.15 °C (142.07 °F; 334.30 K) decomposes at 450 °C |
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| 1.062 g/100 mL (0 °C) 0.809 g/100 mL (20 °C) 0.732 g/100 mL (60 °C) |
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| Solubility | Soluble in benzene Miscible in diethyl ether, oils, ligroin, alcohol, CCl4, CS2 |
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| Solubility in acetone | ≥ 10 g/100 mL (19 °C) | ||
| Solubility in dimethyl sulfoxide | ≥ 10 g/100 mL (19 °C) | ||
| Vapor pressure | 0.62 kPa (−40 °C) 7.89 kPa (0 °C) 25.9 kPa (25 °C) 313 kPa (100 °C) 2.26 MPa (200 °C) |
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Henry's law
constant (kH) |
3.67 L·atm/mol (24 °C) | ||
| Acidity (pKa) | 15.7 (20 °C) | ||
| UV-vis (λmax) | 250 nm, 260 nm, 280 nm | ||
| -59.30·10−6 cm3/mol | |||
| Thermal conductivity | 0.13 W/m·K (20 °C) | ||
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Refractive index (nD)
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1.4459 (20 °C) | ||
| Viscosity | 0.563 cP (20 °C) | ||
| Structure | |||
| Tetrahedral | |||
| 1.15 D | |||
| Thermochemistry | |||
| 114.25 J/mol·K | |||
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Std molar
entropy (S |
202.9 J/mol·K | ||
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Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH |
-134.3 kJ/mol | ||
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Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚)
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-71.1 kJ/mol | ||
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Std enthalpy of
combustion (ΔcH |
473.21 kJ/mol | ||
| Pharmacology | |||
| N01AB02 (WHO) | |||
| Hazards | |||
| Main hazards | carcinogen | ||
| Safety data sheet | See: data page | ||
| GHS pictograms |
 
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| GHS signal word | Warning | ||
| H302, H315, H319, H332, H336, H351, H361, H373 | |||
| P261, P281, P305+351+338 | |||
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EU classification (DSD)
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 Xn XiCarc. Cat. 2B |
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| R-phrases | R22, R38, R40, R48/20/22 | ||
| S-phrases | (S2), S36/37 | ||
| NFPA 704 | |||
| Flash point | Non-flammable | ||
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
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LD50 (median dose)
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1250 mg/kg (rats, oral) | ||
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LC50 (median concentration)
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9617 ppm (rat, 4 hr) | ||
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LCLo (lowest published)
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20,000 ppm (guinea pig, 2 hr) 7056 ppm (cat, 4 hr) 25,000 ppm (human, 5 min) |
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| US health exposure limits (NIOSH): | |||
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PEL (Permissible)
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50 ppm (240 mg/m3) | ||
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REL (Recommended)
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Ca ST 2 ppm (9.78 mg/m3) [60-minute] | ||
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IDLH (Immediate danger)
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500 ppm | ||
| Supplementary data page | |||
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Refractive index (n), Dielectric constant (εr), etc. |
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Thermodynamic
data |
Phase behaviour solid–liquid–gas |
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| UV, IR, NMR, MS | |||
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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 (what is  ?) |
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| Infobox references | |||
Chloroform, or trichloromethane, is an organic compound with formula CHCl3. It is a colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid that is produced on a large scale as a precursor to PTFE and refrigerants, but the latter application is declining. It is one of the four chloromethanes and a trihalomethane.
The molecule adopts tetrahedral molecular geometry with C3vsymmetry.
The total global flux of chloroform through the environment is approximately 660000 tonnes per year, and about 90% of emissions are natural in origin. Many kinds of seaweed produce chloroform, and fungi are believed to produce chloroform in soil.
Chloroform volatilizes readily from soil and surface water and undergoes degradation in air to produce phosgene, dichloromethane, formyl chloride, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen chloride. Its half-life in air ranges from 55 to 620 days. Biodegradation in water and soil is slow. Chloroform does not significantly bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms.
Chloroform was synthesized independently by several investigators circa 1831:
In industry, chloroform is produced by heating a mixture of chlorine and either chloromethane or methane. At 400–500 °C, a free radical halogenation occurs, converting these precursors to progressively more chlorinated compounds:
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