Emperor Tongzhi
| Tongzhi Emperor | |||||||||||||||||
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| 10th Emperor of the Qing Dynasty | |||||||||||||||||
| Reign | 11 November 1861 – 12 January 1875 | ||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Xianfeng Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Guangxu Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
| Regents |
Sushun, Zaiyuan, Duanhua and five other officials (1861) Empress Dowager Ci'an and Empress Dowager Cixi (1861–1875) |
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| Born |
27 April 1856 Forbidden City, Beijing, China |
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| Died | 12 January 1875 (aged 18) Forbidden City, Beijing, China |
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| Burial | Eastern Qing Tombs, Zunhua, China | ||||||||||||||||
| Empress | Empress Xiaozheyi | ||||||||||||||||
| Issue | Xuantong Emperor (Adoptive) | ||||||||||||||||
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| House | Aisin Gioro | ||||||||||||||||
| Father | Xianfeng Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
| Mother | Empress Dowager Cixi | ||||||||||||||||
| Full name | |
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| Chinese: Zǎichún (載淳) Manchu: Dzai Šun (ᡯᠠᡳ ᡧᡠᠨ) |
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| Era name and dates | |
| Qíxiáng (祺祥) (not used) Tóngzhì (同治) Manchu: ᠶᠣᠣᠨᡳᠩᡤᠠ ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠨyooningga dasan Mongolian: ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠴᠢ Бүрэн засагч: 30 January 1862 – 5 February 1875 |
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| Posthumous name | |
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Emperor Jitian Kaiyun Shouzhong Juzheng Baoda Dinggong Shengzhi Chengxiao Xinmin Gongkuan Yi (繼天開運受中居正保大定功聖智誠孝信敏恭寬毅皇帝) Manchu: filingga hūwangdi (ᡶᡳᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ) |
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| Temple name | |
| Chinese: Mùzōng (穆宗) Manchu: mudzung (ᠮᡠᡯ᠊ᡠ᠊ᠩ) |
| Tongzhi Emperor | |||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||
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| Chinese | 同治帝 | ||||||||
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| Mongolian name | |||||||||
| Mongolian | ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ Бүрэн засагч хаан |
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| Manchu name | |||||||||
| Manchu script | ᠶᠣᠣᠨᡳᠩᡤᠠ ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ |
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| Romanization | Yooningga dasan hūwangdi | ||||||||
| Transcriptions | |
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| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Tóngzhì Dì |
| Wade–Giles | T'ung-chih Ti |
| Transcriptions | |
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| SASM/GNC | Burintu Zasagchi Khagan |
The Tongzhi Emperor (27 April 1856 – 12 January 1875), born Zaichun of the Aisin Gioro clan, was the tenth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the eighth Qing emperor to rule over China. His reign, from 1861 to 1875, which effectively lasted through his adolescence, was largely overshadowed by the rule of his mother, Empress Dowager Cixi. Although he had little influence over state affairs, the events of his reign gave rise to what historians call the "Tongzhi Restoration", an unsuccessful attempt to stabilise and modernise China.
The only surviving son of the Xianfeng Emperor and Empress Dowager Cixi, the Tongzhi Emperor attempted political reform in the period of the Tongzhi Restoration. His first regnal name was Qixiang (祺祥; Manchu: Fengšengge Sabingga), but this name was later abandoned by Cixi in favour of "Tongzhi", a contraction of the classical phrase tong gui yu zhi (同归与治; 同歸與治), which means "restoring order together". An alternate interpretation reads it as "mother and son co-emperors" (母子同治天下), which fits the state of affairs, as the empress dowager wielded real power and ruled behind the scenes. The traditional Chinese political phrase "attending audiences behind a curtain" (垂帘听政; 垂簾聽政; chuí lián tīng zhèng) was coined to describe Cixi's rule through her son.
The Tongzhi Emperor became emperor at the age of five upon the death of his father, the Xianfeng Emperor. His father's choice of regent, Sushun, was removed in favour of a partnership between his mother Empress Dowager Cixi, Empress Dowager Ci'an, and his sixth uncle Prince Gong.
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Wikipedia