Haplogroup G-M406
| Haplogroup G2a3a | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | perhaps 4,000 years BP |
| Possible place of origin | perhaps Turkey |
| Ancestor | Haplogroup G2a3 (L30/S126) |
| Descendants | G2a3a1 |
| Defining mutations | M406 (G2a3a), L14/S130 (G2a3a1), L645 (G2a3a2) |
In human genetics, Haplogroup G2a3a (M406) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. G2a3a is a branch of Haplogroup G Y-DNA (M201). More specifically in descending order, G2a3a is a subbranch also of G2 (P287), G2a (P15) and finally G2a3 (L30/S126) Haplogroup G2a3a seems most common in Turkey and Greece. Secondary concentrations of G2a3a are found in the northern and eastern Mediterranean, and it is found in very small numbers in more inland areas of Europe, the Middle East, and the southern Caucasus Mountains area.
A large number of G2a3a persons have the value of 21 at short tandem repeat (STR) marker DYS390, and all G2a3a men will have the M406 SNP mutation which characterizes this group. The 21 at DYS390 is uncommon among G persons outside the G2a3a group. In G2a3a persons, the DYS391 marker has mostly a value of 10, but sometimes 11, and DYS392 is almost always 11 except in one distinct cluster. If a sample meets the criteria indicated for these three markers, it is likely the sample is G2a3a.
This M406 SNP was first reported in 2008. The M designation indicates it was first identified at Stanford University. M406 is located on the Y chromosome at position 2809995, reference SNP ID i4000120. The mutation involves a change from T to G.
The SNPs L184 and L185 (respectively 17586994 with a mutation from A to G, and 20922998 with a mutation from C to G) were found to exist in only some members of a M406+ family and are now considered private SNPs with no practical use outside this family.
Research studies have not addressed the age of G2a3a. Based on available 67-marker STR samples, it would seem that the mutation that defines G2a3a arose perhaps about 4,000 years ago.
The ability to describe G2a3a distribution accurately is handicapped by the rather recent identification of the defining G2a3a SNP and the resulting paucity of samples tested for M406. Some estimate of G2a3a percentages can be made, however, by noting the percentage of men with STR marker G samples which have the distinctive 21 value at DYS390 found almost exclustively among G persons within G2a3a and making use of samples tested at commercial labs and in research papers.
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