Sanskrit pronouns and determiners

Sanskrit pronouns are declined for case, number, and gender. The pronominal declension applies to a few adjectives as well.

Many pronouns have alternative enclitic forms.

Sanskrit pronouns in the first and second person (uttamapuruṣa and madhyamapuruṣa, respectively) resemble one another in how they are declined, and similarly do not mark gender. These pronouns have shortened, enclitic forms in the accusative, dative, and genitive cases (in parentheses in the table below).

Sanskrit does not have true third person pronouns, but its demonstratives play this role when they stand independently of a substantive. The four different demonstratives in Sanskrit (cited in their neuter nominative/accusative singular form) are: tat, adaḥ, idam, and etat. Both tat and adaḥ are used for objects of reference that are far away, but the latter is more emphatic. Both are translated by the English distal demonstrative that. By contrast, idam and etat are used for nearby objects, and, again, the latter is more emphatic and has a strong deictic meaning. These two pronouns are translated by the English proximal demonstrative this.

The tat paradigm is given below. Note that the masculine singular nominative form saḥ exhibits irregular sandhi behaviour—before consonants it becomes sa, giving, for instance, sa gajaḥ ("that elephant") rather than the expected *so gajaḥ. This phonological irregularity does not carry over to pronouns analogous to tat such as etat, kim, and yat.

etat, is declined almost identically to tat. Its paradigm is obtained by prefixing e- to all the forms of tat. As a result of a general sandhi rule requiring the retroflexion of s in certain environments, the masculine and feminine nominative singular forms of this pronoun are eṣaḥ and eṣā.

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