Sino-Korean words

Sino-Korean or Hanja-eo (Hangul: 한자어; Hanja: ) refers to the set of words in the Korean language vocabulary that originated from or were influenced by hanja. The Sino-Korean lexicon consists of both words loaned from Chinese and words coined in the Korean language using hanja.

Sino-Korean words are one of the three main types of vocabulary in Korean. The other two are native Korean words and foreign words imported from other languages, mostly from English. Roughly speaking, it can be further divided into two layers: traditional Sino-Korean words that are either derived from classical Chinese or invented in Korea before modern times, and words that are imported from Japanese in modern times (especially during Korea under Japanese rule).

Some traditional Sino-Korean words also changed their meaning during the 20th century under Japanese influence: for many of these words, the traditional meaning is either archaic or rarely used. Examples include 생산 (saengsan 生産 original meaning: "giving birth", modern meaning: "production") and 방송 (bangsong 放送 original meaning: "to release a prisoner", modern meaning: "broadcast").

Sino-Korean words today make up about 60% of the Korean vocabulary, though in actual speech (especially informally) native words are vastly more common.

Some Korean words are considered "native" even though they are ultimately derived from Sino-Korean words. Examples include 짐승 (jimseung "beast") from 중생 (jungsaeng 衆生: a Buddhist term for the living world), or 사냥 (sanyang "hunt") from 산행 (sanhaeng 山行 "going to the mountains, a mountain outing"). In modern Korean, because their etymology is far from obvious, these words function as if they were native words: for example, they usually don't combine with Sino-Korean affixes, and they are never written using hanja.

Sino-Korean words are derived mainly from literary Chinese, and many from modern Sino-Japanese.

駕駛 /驾驶
(jiàshǐ)
運行 /运行
(yùnxíng)

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