Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)

Thirteen Years' War
The Battle of Vistula Lagoon was fought on September 15, 1463 between the navy of the Teutonic Order, and the navy of the Prussian Confederation which was allied with the King of Poland
Date 1454-1466 Location Pomerelia, Prussia, Baltic Sea Result Prussian–Polish victory Second Peace of Thorn (1466)
Belligerents
Prussian Confederation Crown of the Kingdom of Poland	Teutonic Order Denmark Livonian Brothers of the Sword Amsterdam
Commanders and leaders
Piotr Dunin, Ulryk Czerwonka, Jan Bażyński, Jan Taszka Koniecpolski, Andrzej Tęczyński, Maciej Hagen, Piotr Świdwa-Szamotulski	Bernard Szumborski, Henryk VI Reuss von Plauen, Ludwig von Erlichshausen, Fritz Raweneck, Kaspar Nostyc

The Thirteen Years' War (German: Dreizehnjähriger Krieg; Polish: wojna trzynastoletnia), also called the War of the Cities, was a conflict fought in 1454–66 between the Prussian Confederation, allied with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, and the State of the Teutonic Order.

The war began as an uprising by Prussian cities and local nobility to win independence from the Teutonic Knights. The Prussian Confederation asked Poland's King Casimir IV Jagiellon for help and offered to incorporate Prussia into the Kingdom of Poland. When the King assented, war broke out between Poland, supporting the Prussian Confederation, and backers of government by the Teutonic Knights.

The Thirteen Years' War ended in the victory of the Prussian Confederation and Poland and in the Second Peace of Thorn (1466). This was soon followed by the War of the Priests (1467–79), a drawn-out dispute over the independence of the Prussian Prince-Bishopric of Warmia (Ermland), in which the Knights also sought revision of the Peace of Thorn.

A dispute between Poland and the Teutonic Order over control of Gdańsk Pomerania had lasted since the 1308 Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk), when the territory was taken from Poland and annexed by the Teutonic Order. This event resulted in a series of Polish–Teutonic Wars throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. In the 15th century, the towns of Prussia rapidly grew economically. However, this was not followed by an increase in their political influence. The rule of the Teutonic Knights was seen as more and more anachronistic — taxes (customs) and the system of grain licenses (every trader had to pay large fees for the privilege of trading grain) were hindering economic development in the province. At the same time the nobility wanted a larger say in the running of the country and were looking enviously at neighbouring Poland, where the Polish nobility enjoyed wider privileges. The Knights were also accused of violating the few existing privileges of the nobility and the cities. Craftsmen were discontented because of competition from so-called partacze, or artisans settled by the Knights near their castles. Kashubians, Poles, Germans, and Prussians were slowly melting into one nation, and as national differences disappeared, the common goals of all the ethnic and social groups of Prussia became more prominent, and the Prussian estates leaned increasingly towards Poland.

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