Question

Kapa is a fabric made by Native Hawaiians from the bast fibres of certain species of trees and shrubs in the orders Rosales and Malvales.

It is similar to tapa found elsewhere in Polynesia, but differs in the methods used in its creation. Kapa is based primarily on the creative combination of linear elements that cross and converge to form squares, triangles, chevrons, and diagonal forms, giving a feeling of boldness and directness. (The Hawaiian /k/ phoneme corresponds to Polynesian /t/.) Kapa was used primarily for clothing like the malo worn by men as a loincloth and the pāʻū worn by women as a wraparound. Kapa was also used for kīhei used over the shoulders. Other uses for kapa depended on caste and a person's place in ancient Hawaiian society.

Kapa moe (bed covers) were reserved for the aliʻi or chiefly caste, while kapa robes were used by kāhuna or priestly caste. Kapa was also used as banners where leis were hung from it and images of their gods were printed on it.

Cultural anthropologists over the course of the 20th century identified techniques in the creation of kapa that are unique to the Hawaiian Islands. Wauke (Broussonetia papyrifera) was the preferred source of bast fibres for kapa, but it was also made from ʻulu (Artocarpus altilis),ōpuhe (Urera spp.),maʻaloa (Neraudia melastomifolia),māmaki (Pipturus albidus),ʻākala (Rubus hawaiensis), ʻākalakala (R. macraei), and hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus). In the 18th century, pieces of kapa were often made of grooving or ribbing. It is done by pushing the dampened cloth into the grooves of a special board. The wauke tree is cut and soaked in water. It is then laid on a kua kūkū (polished stone tablet) and beaten with a hōhoa (rounded beater). After the first phase of beating, the kapa is transferred to a sacred house to be beaten a second time, but in a religious manner.

• Arkinstall, Patricia Lorraine, "A Study of Bark Cloth from Hawaii, Samoa, Tonga and Fiji, An Exploration of the Regional Development of Distinctive Styles of Bark Cloth and its Relationship to Other Cultural Factors, Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University, 1966.
• Brigham, William Tufts, Ka hana kapa, Making of Bark-cloth in Hawaii, Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press, 1911.
• Kaeppler, Adrienne Lois, The Fabrics of Hawaii (Bark Cloth), Leigh-on-Sea, England, F. Lewis, 1975.
• Kaeppler, Adienne L, Kapa: Hawaiian Bark Cloth, Honolulu, Boom Books, 1980.

• Cook-Foster Collection at Georg-August University in Göttingen, Germany
• Kapa Connection
• Hawaiian Kapa Making
• Hawaiian Kapa History
• Contemporary Hawaiian Kapa
• "Kapa: Fabric of a Culture" Article about the art of kapa making and kapa master Pua Van Dorpe by Rita Goldman. Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine Vol.12, No.1 (January 2008)
• "Kapa: More to Learn" Pua Van Dorpe's kapa collection honoring 11 Maui chiefs. Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine Vol.12, No.1 (January 2008)